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492 lines
132 KiB
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492 lines
132 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>N. Delegates and events</title><meta property="og:title" content="N. Delegates and events"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;opacity:.8;outline:none;padding:0;transition:opacity .2s linear}body[data-bespoke-view=""] 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.bespoke-marp-note.active{display:block}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note p:first-child{margin-top:0}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;color:#eee;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;grid-area:info;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;padding:0 10px}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-time,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap;width:100%}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button{height:1.5em;line-height:1.5em;width:1.5em}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page{order:2;text-align:center}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page-text{display:inline-block;min-width:120px;text-align:center}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-time{color:#999;order:1;text-align:left}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer{color:#999;order:3;text-align:right}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer:hover{cursor:pointer}}@media print{.bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container,.bespoke-marp-presenter-next-container,.bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container{display:none}}</style><style>div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{width:1280px;height:720px;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;scroll-snap-align:center center}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{bottom:0;content:attr(data-marpit-pagination);padding:inherit;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:not([data-marpit-pagination]):after{display:none}/* Normalization */div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h1,marp-h1){font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section video::-webkit-media-controls{will-change:transform}@page{size:1280px 720px;margin:0}@media print{body,html{background-color:#fff;margin:0;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-page}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{page-break-before:always;break-before:page}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section *{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact!important;animation-delay:0s!important;animation-duration:0s!important;color-adjust:exact!important;transition:none!important}div#\:\$p>svg[data-marpit-svg]{display:block;height:100vh;width:100vw}}
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/*!
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* Marp default theme.
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*
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* @theme default
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* @author Yuki Hattori
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*
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* @auto-scaling true
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* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
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* @size 4:3 960px 720px
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*/div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [data-theme=light]{--color-prettylights-syntax-comment:#6e7781;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity:#6639ba;--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword:#cf222e;--color-prettylights-syntax-string:#0a3069;--color-prettylights-syntax-variable:#953800;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text:#f6f8fa;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text:#f6f8fa;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg:#cf222e;--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list:#3b2300;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg:#ffebe9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg:#dafbe1;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text:#953800;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg:#ffd8b5;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text:#eaeef2;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range:#8250df;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle:#57606a;--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark:#8c959f;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link:#0a3069;--color-fg-default:#1f2328;--color-fg-muted:#656d76;--color-fg-subtle:#6e7781;--color-canvas-default:#fff;--color-canvas-subtle:#f6f8fa;--color-border-default:#d0d7de;--color-border-muted:#d8dee4;--color-neutral-muted:rgba(175,184,193,.2);--color-accent-fg:#0969da;--color-accent-emphasis:#0969da;--color-attention-subtle:#fff8c5;--color-danger-fg:#d1242f;color-scheme:light}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [data-theme=dark],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:where(.invert){--color-prettylights-syntax-comment:#8b949e;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant:#79c0ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity:#d2a8ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag:#7ee787;--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword:#ff7b72;--color-prettylights-syntax-string:#a5d6ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-variable:#ffa657;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched:#f85149;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text:#f0f6fc;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg:#8e1519;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text:#f0f6fc;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg:#b62324;--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp:#7ee787;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list:#f2cc60;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading:#1f6feb;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text:#ffdcd7;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg:#67060c;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text:#aff5b4;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg:#033a16;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text:#ffdfb6;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg:#5a1e02;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg:#1158c7;--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range:#d2a8ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle:#8b949e;--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark:#484f58;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link:#a5d6ff;--color-fg-default:#e6edf3;--color-fg-muted:#7d8590;--color-fg-subtle:#6e7681;--color-canvas-default:#0d1117;--color-canvas-subtle:#161b22;--color-border-default:#30363d;--color-border-muted:#21262d;--color-neutral-muted:hsla(215,8%,47%,.4);--color-accent-fg:#2f81f7;--color-accent-emphasis:#1f6feb;--color-attention-subtle:rgba(187,128,9,.15);--color-danger-fg:#f85149;color-scheme:dark}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--color-canvas-default);color:var(--color-fg-default);font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Noto Sans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;margin:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{--marpit-root-font-size:16px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h1,marp-h1):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h2,marp-h2):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h3,marp-h3):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h4,marp-h4):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h5,marp-h5):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h6,marp-h6):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before{background-color:currentColor;content:" ";display:inline-block;height:16px;-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 1 1 2.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 0 1 0-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2.83 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0z"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 1 1 2.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 0 1 0-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2.83 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0z"/></svg>');width:16px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section details,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section figcaption,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section figure{display:block}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section summary{display:list-item}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [hidden]{display:none!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section a{background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-accent-fg);text-decoration:none}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section b,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section strong{font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold,600)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section dfn{font-style:italic}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h1,marp-h1){border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-border-muted);font-size:2em;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold,600);margin:.67em 0;padding-bottom:.3em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mark{background-color:var(--color-attention-subtle);color:var(--color-fg-default)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section small{font-size:90%}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section sub,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section sub{bottom:-.25em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section sup{top:-.5em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section img{background-color:var(--color-canvas-default);border-style:none;box-sizing:content-box;max-width:100%}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section code,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section kbd,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section figure{margin:1em 40px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section hr{background:transparent;background-color:var(--color-border-default);border:0;box-sizing:content-box;height:.25em;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;padding:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input{font:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;overflow:visible}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=button],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=reset],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=checkbox],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:inherit;opacity:.54}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section a:hover{text-decoration:underline}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--color-fg-subtle);opacity:1}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ::placeholder{color:var(--color-fg-subtle);opacity:1}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section hr:after,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section hr:before{content:"";display:table}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section hr:after{clear:both}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;display:block;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section td,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section th{padding:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section details summary{cursor:pointer}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section details:not([open])>:not(summary){display:none!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [role=button]:focus,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section a:focus,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=checkbox]:focus,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=radio]:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:2px solid var(--color-accent-fg);outline-offset:-2px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [role=button]:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section a:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=checkbox]:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=radio]:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:1px solid transparent}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [role=button]:focus-visible,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section a:focus-visible,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=checkbox]:focus-visible,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=radio]:focus-visible{box-shadow:none;outline:2px solid var(--color-accent-fg);outline-offset:-2px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section a:not([class]):focus,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section a:not([class]):focus-visible,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=checkbox]:focus,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=checkbox]:focus-visible,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=radio]:focus,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input[type=radio]:focus-visible{outline-offset:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section kbd{background-color:var(--color-canvas-subtle);border-bottom-color:var(--color-neutral-muted);border:1px solid var(--color-neutral-muted);border-radius:6px;box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 var(--color-neutral-muted);color:var(--color-fg-default);display:inline-block;font:11px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,SF Mono,Menlo,Consolas,Liberation Mono,monospace;line-height:10px;padding:3px 5px;vertical-align:middle}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h1,marp-h1),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h2,marp-h2),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h3,marp-h3),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h4,marp-h4),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h5,marp-h5),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h6,marp-h6){font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold,600);line-height:1.25;margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:24px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h2,marp-h2){border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-border-muted);font-size:1.5em;padding-bottom:.3em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h2,marp-h2),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h3,marp-h3){font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold,600)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h3,marp-h3){font-size:1.25em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h4,marp-h4){font-size:1em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h4,marp-h4),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h5,marp-h5){font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold,600)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h5,marp-h5){font-size:.875em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h6,marp-h6){color:var(--color-fg-muted);font-size:.85em;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold,600)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section p{margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section blockquote{border-left:.25em solid var(--color-border-default);color:var(--color-fg-muted);margin:0;padding:0 1em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ol,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ul{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-left:2em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ol ol,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ul ol{list-style-type:lower-roman}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ol ol ol,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ol ul ol,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ul ol ol,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section ul ul ol{list-style-type:lower-alpha}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section dd{margin-left:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section code,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section samp,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section tt{font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,SF Mono,Menlo,Consolas,Liberation Mono,monospace;font-size:12px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre){word-wrap:normal;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .octicon{fill:currentColor;display:inline-block;overflow:visible!important;vertical-align:text-bottom}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input::-webkit-inner-spin-button,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section input::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:after,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:before{
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:is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-type),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-variable.language_){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.class_),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.class_.inherited__),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.function_){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-attr),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-attribute),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-literal),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-number),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-operator),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-attr),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-class),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-id),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-variable){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-constant)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta .hljs-string),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-regexp),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-string){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-string)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-built_in),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-symbol){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-variable)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-code),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-comment),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-formula){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-comment)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-name),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-quote),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-pseudo),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-tag){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-subst){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-section){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-bullet){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-emphasis){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic);font-style:italic}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-strong){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-addition){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-deletion){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section footer,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section header{color:var(--header-footer-color);font-size:18px;left:30px;margin:0;position:absolute}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section header{top:21px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section footer{bottom:21px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{--h1-color:#246;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,40%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#48c;--paginate-color:#777;align-items:stretch;display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;font-size:29px;height:720px;justify-content:center;padding:78.5px;width:1280px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{--marpit-root-font-size:29px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:where(.invert){--h1-color:#cee7ff;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,60%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#7bf;--paginate-color:#999}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section>:last-child,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-footer]>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section>:first-child,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section>header:first-child+*{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{bottom:21px;color:var(--paginate-color);font-size:24px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:30px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:24px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h1,marp-h1),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h2,marp-h2),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h3,marp-h3),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h4,marp-h4),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h5,marp-h5),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h6,marp-h6){color:currentcolor}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>:where(section){container-type:size}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG]{direction:ltr}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG]>svg{overflow:visible;min-height:1px;min-width:1px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG]>svg a{fill:blue;stroke:blue}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG][display=true]{display:block;text-align:center;margin:1em 0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG][display=true][width=full]{display:flex}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG][justify=left]{text-align:left}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG][justify=right]{text-align:right}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=merror]>g{fill:red;stroke:red}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=merror]>rect[data-background]{fill:yellow;stroke:none}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=mtable]>line[data-line],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section svg[data-table]>g>line[data-line]{stroke-width:70px;fill:none}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=mtable]>rect[data-frame],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section svg[data-table]>g>rect[data-frame]{stroke-width:70px;fill:none}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=mtable]>.mjx-dashed,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section svg[data-table]>g>.mjx-dashed{stroke-dasharray:140}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=mtable]>.mjx-dotted,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section svg[data-table]>g>.mjx-dotted{stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:0,140}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=mtable]>g>svg{overflow:visible}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [jax=SVG] mjx-tool{display:inline-block;position:relative;width:0;height:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section [jax=SVG] mjx-tool>mjx-tip{position:absolute;top:0;left:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-tool>mjx-tip{display:inline-block;padding:.2em;border:1px solid #888;font-size:70%;background-color:#F8F8F8;color:black;box-shadow:2px 2px 5px #AAAAAA}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g[data-mml-node=maction][data-toggle]{cursor:pointer}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-status{display:block;position:fixed;left:1em;bottom:1em;min-width:25%;padding:.2em .4em;border:1px solid #888;font-size:90%;background-color:#F8F8F8;color:black}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section foreignObject[data-mjx-xml]{font-family:initial;line-height:normal;overflow:visible}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG] path[data-c],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG] use[data-c]{stroke-width:3}@media print{div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG] path[data-c],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section mjx-container[jax=SVG] use[data-c]{stroke-width:0}}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section img[data-marp-twemoji]{background:transparent;height:1em;margin:0 .05em 0 .1em;vertical-align:-.1em;width:1em}
|
|
/* buutti.css */
|
|
/* @theme buutti */div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 1)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .columns12{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 1)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .columns21{display:grid;grid-template-columns:2fr 1fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 1)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .columns32{display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 2fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 1)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .columns23{display:grid;grid-template-columns:2fr 3fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 1)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .columns111{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 1)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .centered{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;text-align:center}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .tableborderless td,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section th{border:none!important;border-collapse:collapse}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section.extra{background-color:#5d275d;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#401a40,#1d0c1d);color:white}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section.extra a{color:rgb(145,255,209)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section.exercise{background-color:#29366f;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#20636a,#173742);color:white}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section.exercise a{color:rgb(211,173,255)}
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/* @theme t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms */div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]{columns:initial!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:after,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:before,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:after,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:before{display:none!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{all:initial;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container][data-marpit-advanced-background-direction=vertical]{flex-direction:column}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{width:var(--marpit-advanced-background-split,50%)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split=right]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{margin-left:calc(100% - var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%))}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]>figure{all:initial;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;flex:auto;margin:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]>figure>figcaption{position:absolute;border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo]{background:transparent!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo],div#\:\$p>svg[data-marpit-svg]>foreignObject[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo]{pointer-events:none!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background-split]{width:100%;height:100%}</style></head><body><div class="bespoke-marp-osc"><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="prev" tabindex="-1" title="Previous slide">Previous slide</button><span data-bespoke-marp-osc="page"></span><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="next" tabindex="-1" title="Next slide">Next slide</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="fullscreen" tabindex="-1" title="Toggle fullscreen (f)">Toggle fullscreen</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="presenter" tabindex="-1" title="Open presenter view (p)">Open presenter view</button></div><div id=":$p"><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="1" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
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<h1 id="delegates-and-events">Delegates and events</h1>
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</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="2" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Delegates
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Multicast Delegates</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Anonymous Methods</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Events</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3" data-marpit-fragments="5" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="3" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h2 id="delegates">Delegates</h2>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/delegates/">Delegates</a> are reference type variables that hold a <em><strong>reference to a method</strong></em> or multiple methods
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Class objects hold a reference to a class instance</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Delegate objects hold a reference to a method / methods</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Similar to function pointers in C and C++, or how any function in JavaScript works</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">Allows for methods to be passed as variables, useful for creating, for example, events</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="4" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="creating-a-delegate">Creating a delegate</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">
|
|
<p>Declare a delegate using the following syntax:</p>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> returnType <span class="hljs-title">DelegateName</span>(<span class="hljs-params">parameters</span>)</span>;
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">
|
|
<p>Example:</p>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintDelegate</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> output</span>)</span>;
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">
|
|
<p>This creates a new delegate of type <code>void</code>, named <code>PrintDelegate</code> and one parameter of type <code>string</code></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">
|
|
<p>The referenced method return and parameter types have to match the delegate!</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="5" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="referencing-a-delegate">Referencing a delegate</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">After creating the delegate, it can be instantiated and the method assigned to it with the method name:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintDelegate</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> output</span>)</span>;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintInLower</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> text</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
Console.WriteLine(text.ToLower());
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
PrintDelegate print = PrintInLower;
|
|
print(<span class="hljs-string">"AaaBbbCcc"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Outputs "aaabbbccc"</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="6" data-marpit-fragments="2" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="6" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="using-multicast-delegates">Using multicast delegates</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Delegates can be composed of multiple methods using the <code>+</code> operator</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Using the same <code>PrintDelegate</code> delegate as before, we could do this:</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<div class='columns21' markdown='1'>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintDelegate</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> output</span>)</span>;
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintInLower</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> text</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
Console.WriteLine(text.ToLower());
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintInUpper</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> text</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
Console.WriteLine(text.ToUpper());
|
|
}
|
|
PrintDelegate print = PrintInLower;
|
|
print += PrintInUpper;
|
|
print(<span class="hljs-string">"AaaBbbCcc"</span>);
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<p><img src="imgs/11%20Delegates%20and%20Events_1.png" alt="" /></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="7" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="removing-methods">Removing methods</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Methods can be removed from the delegate with the <code>-</code> operator:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintDelegate</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> output</span>)</span>;
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
...
|
|
print -= PrintInLower;
|
|
print(<span class="hljs-string">"AaaBbbCcc"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Outputs "AAABBBCCC"</span>
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="8" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="delegates-an-example">Delegates: An example</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Let's extend our previous example (without the <code>-=</code> part) by creating a new class called <code>DelegateTest</code>, and giving it a constructor that takes a <code>PrintDelegate</code> object as a parameter:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">DelegateTest</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">DelegateTest</span>(<span class="hljs-params">PrintDelegate printDelegate</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
printDelegate(<span class="hljs-string">"This Method Was Called From Another Class!"</span>);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="9" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<div class='columns21' markdown='1'>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintInLower</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> text</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
Console.WriteLine(text.ToLower());
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintInUpper</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> text</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
Console.WriteLine(text.ToUpper());
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Initialize new delegate which is composed of PrintInLower method</span>
|
|
PrintDelegate print = PrintInLower;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add PrintInUpper method to the delegate</span>
|
|
print += PrintInUpper;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Send the delegate to the class constructor</span>
|
|
DelegateTest delegateTest = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> DelegateTest(print);
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<p>Now we can create a new DelegateTest object and pass the delegate to the object constructor:</p>
|
|
<p><img src="imgs/11%20Delegates%20and%20Events_2.png" alt="" /></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10" data-marpit-fragments="3" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="10" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="anonymous-methods">Anonymous methods</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Delegates can be initialized anonymously (without a specified name)</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Anonymous method in variable declaration:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">PrintDelegate</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> output</span>)</span>;
|
|
<span class="hljs-built_in">bool</span> printUpper = <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>;
|
|
PrintDelegate printCheckUpper =
|
|
<span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> (<span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> text)
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (printUpper)
|
|
Console.WriteLine(text.ToUpper());
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>
|
|
Console.WriteLine(text);
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
printCheckUpper(<span class="hljs-string">"I'm not angry!"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Outputs I'M NOT ANGRY!</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Notice that the actual method that prints the text is not declared anywhere!</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="11" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">You can use an empty anonymous method to initialize a delegate that does nothing:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">SomeDelegate</span>()</span>;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Initialize an empty delegate, add method later...</span>
|
|
SomeDelegate myDelegate = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> SomeDelegate(<span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> { });
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="12" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h2 id="events">Events</h2>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="13" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="the-problem">The problem</h3>
|
|
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Game</span>
|
|
{
|
|
Sound gameOverSound;
|
|
Window gameOverScreen;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">OnGameOver</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
gameOverSound.Play(); <span class="hljs-comment">// plays some sound</span>
|
|
gameOverScreen.Show(); <span class="hljs-comment">// shows a screen</span>
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
...
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> game = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Game();
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// somewhere in the game logic...</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// game.OnGameOver();</span>
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Consider a game engine with three classes, <code>Sound</code>, <code>Window</code> and <code>Game</code>.</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">If implemented like this, the <code>Game</code> class has to know about the <code>Sound</code> and <code>Window</code> classes</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3"><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.054ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.262ex" height="1.242ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -525 1000 549"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="21D2" d="M580 514Q580 525 596 525Q601 525 604 525T609 525T613 524T615 523T617 520T619 517T622 512Q659 438 720 381T831 300T927 263Q944 258 944 250T935 239T898 228T840 204Q696 134 622 -12Q618 -21 615 -22T600 -24Q580 -24 580 -17Q580 -13 585 0Q620 69 671 123L681 133H70Q56 140 56 153Q56 168 72 173H725L735 181Q774 211 852 250Q851 251 834 259T789 283T735 319L725 327H72Q56 332 56 347Q56 360 70 367H681L671 377Q638 412 609 458T580 514Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> <code>Game</code> is <em><strong>tightly coupled</strong></em>, and thus <em><strong>dependent</strong></em> on the <code>Sound</code> and <code>Window</code> classes</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Changes in either of the classes could break the code!</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="14" data-marpit-fragments="8" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="14" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="the-solution-events">The solution: Events</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">A solution to this problem is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish%E2%80%93subscribe_pattern">Publisher-subscriber pattern</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">In C#, this pattern is implemented with the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/keywords/event?redirectedfrom=MSDN"><code>event</code> keyword</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Events are <em><strong>signals</strong></em> that are raised by a <em><strong>Publisher</strong></em> and received by a <em><strong>Subscriber</strong></em>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">The publisher does not know or care who, if anyone, receives the signal</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">Changes in the subscriber classes do not affect the publisher</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="6">In C#, events are multicast delegates</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="7">When an object triggers an event, the event invokes <em><strong>event handlers</strong></em>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="8">Event handlers are delegate instances added to the event</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="15" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="raising-events">Raising events</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Events consist of two elements:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">A delegate that identifies the method that provides the response to the event
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">In the simplest case, we can use the built-in <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.eventhandler?view=net-9.0"><code>EventHandler</code></a> delegate</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">An optional class to hold event data if the event provides data.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Publisher</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">event</span> EventHandler SampleEvent;
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Wrap the event in a protected virtual method</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// to enable derived classes to raise the event.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">OnSampleEvent</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Raise the event in a thread-safe manner using the ?. operator.</span>
|
|
SampleEvent?.Invoke(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="16" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="raising-the-event">Raising the event</h3>
|
|
<p>Events can only be invoked (i.e., raised) from within the class (or derived classes) or struct where they're declared (the publisher class)</p>
|
|
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Publisher</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">event</span> EventHandler SampleEvent;
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">OnSampleEvent</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
SampleEvent?.Invoke(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> pub = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Publisher();
|
|
|
|
pub.OnSampleEvent(); <span class="hljs-comment">// <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="✅" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@14.1.2/assets/svg/2705.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/> Works fine</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// pub.SampleEvent(); // <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="❌" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@14.1.2/assets/svg/274c.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/> Not allowed!</span>
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-marpit-fragments="2" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="17" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="adding-subscribers-to-the-event">Adding subscribers to the event</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Now that we know how to raise the event, we can add subscribers to it</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">i.e., functions that get called when the event is raised</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Publisher</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">event</span> EventHandler SampleEvent;
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">OnSampleEvent</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
SampleEvent?.Invoke(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> pub = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Publisher();
|
|
|
|
pub.SampleEvent +=
|
|
() => Console.WriteLine(<span class="hljs-string">"Sample event!"</span>);
|
|
|
|
pub.OnSampleEvent();
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="18" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="custom-event-handler">Custom event handler</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">We can define the delegate ourselves, for example if we want to send some data to the event.<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Publisher</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">SampleEventHandler</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">object</span> sender</span>)</span>;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Declare the event.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">event</span> SampleEventHandler SampleEvent;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">OnSampleEvent</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
SampleEvent?.Invoke(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="19" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="event-arguments">Event arguments</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Finally, we can send arguments to the event like this:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">SampleEventArgs</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">SampleEventArgs</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> text</span>)</span> { Text = text; }
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> Text { <span class="hljs-keyword">get</span>; } <span class="hljs-comment">// readonly</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Publisher</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">SampleEventHandler</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">object</span> sender, SampleEventArgs e</span>)</span>;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">event</span> SampleEventHandler SampleEvent;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">RaiseSampleEvent</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
SampleEvent?.Invoke(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> SampleEventArgs(<span class="hljs-string">"Hello"</span>));
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="20" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h3 id="fixing-the-game-over-example">"Fixing" the Game Over example</h3>
|
|
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">delegate</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">GameOverHandler</span>()</span>;
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Game</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">event</span> GameOverHandler GameOver;
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">OnGameOver</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
GameOver?.Invoke(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
...
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>()</span>
|
|
{
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> game = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Game();
|
|
Sound gameOverSound;
|
|
Window gameOverScreen;
|
|
|
|
game.GameOver += gameOverSound.Play;
|
|
game.GameOver += gameOverScreen.Show;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div markdown='1'>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Declare an event handler delegate (<code>GameOverHandler</code>)</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Declare an instance of the handler with the <code>event</code> keyword (<code>GameOVer</code>)</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Declare a virtual method that invokes the event</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Add methods that subscribe to the event</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="21" data-marpit-fragments="3" data-paginate="true" data-class="exercise invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="exercise invert" data-marpit-pagination="21" style="--paginate:true;--class:exercise invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<h2 id="exercise-1-a-rudimentary-event-system">Exercise 1: A rudimentary event system</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Create a console application for controlling a plant treatment system with three methods that print the following outputs:</p>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th style="text-align:left">Method</th>
|
|
<th style="text-align:left">Output</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td style="text-align:left"><code>void ReleaseWater()</code></td>
|
|
<td style="text-align:left"><code>Releasing water...</code></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td style="text-align:left"><code>void ReleaseFertilizer()</code></td>
|
|
<td style="text-align:left"><code>Releasing fertilizer...</code></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td style="text-align:left"><code>void IncreaseTemperature()</code></td>
|
|
<td style="text-align:left"><code>Increasing temperature...</code></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">All methods are off by default. Create a main loop where the user can...
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">...type the name of the method to switch each method on (add it to the delegate)</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">...type <code>run</code> to execute all the methods that are on</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="22" data-marpit-fragments="2" data-paginate="true" data-class="exercise invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms" lang="en-US" class="exercise invert" data-marpit-pagination="22" style="--paginate:true;--class:exercise invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:t1g0gg0a2ixk1a9zn9oy0yigh86im0a9cd7lysfyms;" data-marpit-pagination-total="22">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">
|
|
<p><em><strong>Hint:</strong></em> you can just use switch-case for defining which method should be added to the delegate</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">
|
|
<p>Here's an example console input & output:<br />
|
|
<img src="imgs/11%20Delegates%20and%20Events_3.png" alt="" /></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</section>
|
|
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</script></foreignObject></svg></div><script>/*!! License: https://unpkg.com/@marp-team/marp-cli@3.4.0/lib/bespoke.js.LICENSE.txt */
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