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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>7. Classes And Objects</title><meta property="og:title" content="7. 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/*!
* Marp default theme.
*
* @theme default
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
*/div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section 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<h1 id="classes-and-objects">Classes And Objects</h1>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2" data-marpit-fragments="7" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="2" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Namespaces</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Classes</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Object Variables</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Access Specifiers</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">Class Members</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="6">Constructors</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="7">Value &amp; Reference Types</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3" data-marpit-fragments="5" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="3" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="namespaces">Namespaces</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Using namespaces helps you to organize the scope of your project, so that...
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Variable names do not clash</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Related variables are well-contained in their own namespaces
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4"><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.054ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.262ex" height="1.242ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -525 1000 549"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="21D2" d="M580 514Q580 525 596 525Q601 525 604 525T609 525T613 524T615 523T617 520T619 517T622 512Q659 438 720 381T831 300T927 263Q944 258 944 250T935 239T898 228T840 204Q696 134 622 -12Q618 -21 615 -22T600 -24Q580 -24 580 -17Q580 -13 585 0Q620 69 671 123L681 133H70Q56 140 56 153Q56 168 72 173H725L735 181Q774 211 852 250Q851 251 834 259T789 283T735 319L725 327H72Q56 332 56 347Q56 360 70 367H681L671 377Q638 412 609 458T580 514Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> easy to import what you need</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">By default, when creating a new project and adding classes in Visual Studio, everything is contained within a namespace named after your project name</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4" data-marpit-fragments="2" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="4" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">If you need a class, interface, etc to be accessible from anywhere, create it within that namespace and set it as <code>public</code></li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-comment">// Note that namespaces can have</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// subdirectories, as Models here</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> <span class="hljs-title">MyAwesomeApp.Models</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-comment">// This is how you would use the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Student class in other code</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">using</span> MyAwesomeApp.Models
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Wait, what's a class, though?</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="5" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="classes">Classes</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/classes">Classes</a> in C# are blueprints for specific kinds of collections of data &amp; functionality</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><em><strong>Instance</strong></em> of a class is an implementation of that class, also referred to as an <em><strong>object</strong></em></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">As C# is an object-oriented language, almost everything has to happen in a class</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Thus, we have already used a class named <code>Program</code> when creating a new console application:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
}
}
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="6" data-marpit-fragments="6" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="6" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h3 id="why-classes">Why classes?</h3>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Classes are a core feature of the <em><strong>object-oriented programming</strong></em> paradigm popularized by Java in the 90s
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">(See <a href="8-inheritance-and-abstract-classes#extra-object-oriented-programming">Lecture 8</a>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Classes provide <em><strong>encapsulation</strong></em>: Connected concepts and functionalities are neatly contained within a class</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">This will <em><strong>ideally</strong></em> result in shorter files, less repetitive code and <em><strong>hopefully</strong></em> overall better readability</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">No paradigm is idiot-proof, though...</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="6">Shorter files can also mean that it's hard to find the actual functionality from hundreds of short files full of intermediate classes and class factories</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7" data-marpit-fragments="3" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="7" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h3 id="creating-a-class">Creating a class</h3>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">You can create a new class by writing<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
}
</code></pre>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Create variables inside a class just like before inside the <code>Program</code> class:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
<span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> id;
<span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> name;
}
</code></pre>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">These variables declared directly inside classes are called <em><strong>fields</strong></em>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="8" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h3 id="instancing-a-class">Instancing a class</h3>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">New instances of a class can be created with the <code>new</code> keyword</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">All instances of a class have exactly the same fields and methods, but they can have different values</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">In the following example a few <em><strong>objects</strong></em> of class <code>Student</code> are created</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">However, these objects have no functionality yet</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp">
<span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> <span class="hljs-title">MyAwesomeApp</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
Student student1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student();
Student student2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student();
Student student3 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student();
}
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9" data-marpit-fragments="2" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="9" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h3 id="object-variables">Object variables</h3>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Variables inside of an object can be accessed with the <code>.</code> operator</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">However, the following syntax results in an error:</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
Student class:
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
<span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> id;
}
</code></pre>
<p>Error:<br />
<img src="imgs/7%20Classes%20and%20Objects_2.png" alt="" /></p>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<p>Program class:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
Student student = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student();
student.id = <span class="hljs-number">12345678</span>;
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="10" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<p>Let's fix the previous example by changing the <em><strong>access specifier</strong></em> of the variable <code>id</code> to <code>public</code>:</p>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
Student class:
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> id;
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
Student student = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student();
student.id = <span class="hljs-number">12345678</span>;
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">The value of the variable <code>id</code> of the object <code>student</code> is now <code>12345678</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="11" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="access-specifiers">Access Specifiers</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><em><strong>Access specifiers</strong></em> can be used to get additional level of protection inside classes</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Variables specified with <code>private</code> are accessible only inside the containing class
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">This is the <em><strong>default</strong></em> access!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Variables specified with <code>public</code> are accessible outside of the class<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
<span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> id; <span class="hljs-comment">// Accessible only inside the class</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> name; <span class="hljs-comment">// Accessible only inside the class</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> address; <span class="hljs-comment">// Accessible everywhere within the namespace</span>
}
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="12" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">
<p>Continuing on the class in the previous example: if we follow the <code>student</code> variable with a dot, Visual Studio IntelliSense will only suggest the <code>address</code> variable, because it was the only <code>public</code> variable of the <code>Student</code> class!</p>
<p><img src="imgs/7%20Classes%20and%20Objects_3.png" alt="" /></p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="13" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="classes-an-example">Classes: An example</h2>
<div class='columns12' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> id;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> name;
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
Student student1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student();
Student student2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student();
student1.id = <span class="hljs-number">22225555</span>;
student1.name = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Johannes Kantola&quot;</span>;
student2.id = <span class="hljs-number">44441111</span>;
student2.name = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Rene Orosz&quot;</span>;
Console.WriteLine(student1.name);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Outputs Johannes Kantola</span>
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="14" data-marpit-fragments="3" data-paginate="true" data-class="exercise invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="exercise invert" data-marpit-pagination="14" style="--paginate:true;--class:exercise invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="exercise-1">Exercise 1</h2>
<ol>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Create a console application that has a class <code>User</code> that contains two fields: <code>string userName</code> and <code>string password</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Create a main loop where the user is asked repeatedly for a new username and password. The values are stored in a new <code>User</code> instance and that instance is saved to a list of users</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Print all stored usernames every time a new user is created</li>
</ol>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-marpit-fragments="2" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="15" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="class-methods">Class methods</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">As mentioned in <a href="6-methods">Lecture 6</a>, we can create methods inside of our classes:</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Person</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> firstName;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> lastName;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> <span class="hljs-title">FullName</span>()</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> firstName + <span class="hljs-string">&quot; &quot;</span> + lastName;
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
Person someDude = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Person();
someDude.firstName = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Johannes&quot;</span>;
someDude.lastName = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Kantola&quot;</span>;
Console.WriteLine(someDude.FullName());
<span class="hljs-comment">// Outputs Johannes Kantola</span>
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">If the method is public, it can be called from outside of the class</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16" data-marpit-fragments="3" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="16" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="constructors">Constructors</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Constructors are class methods which are called once the object is initialized</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Constructors are created by creating a class method with the same name as the class:</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">User</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">User</span>()</span>
{
Console.WriteLine
(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;New user created!&quot;</span>);
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
User user = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> User();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Outputs &quot;New user created!&quot;</span>
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3"><em><strong>Note:</strong></em> In Visual Studio, just write <code>ctor</code> and press tab twice to quickly create a constructor!</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-marpit-fragments="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="17" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="constructors-with-parameters">Constructors with parameters</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">You can pass in parameters to the constructor at initialization:</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Car</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> model;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> year;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> doors;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Car</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> modelName, <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> modelYear</span>)</span>
{
model = modelName;
year = modelYear;
doors = <span class="hljs-number">5</span>;
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
Car lada = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Car(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Niva&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1984</span>);
Car ford = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Car(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Focus&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2010</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Both cars have 5 doors by default</span>
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-marpit-fragments="5" data-paginate="true" data-class="exercise invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="exercise invert" data-marpit-pagination="18" style="--paginate:true;--class:exercise invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="exercise-2">Exercise 2</h2>
<ol>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Create a console application with a class Animal, that contains
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">two strings, <code>name</code> and <code>sound</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">a method <code>Greet()</code> that prints <code>&lt;name&gt; says &lt;sound&gt;!</code> (without the angled brackets)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Create a few animals with different names and sounds</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">Call their greet methods from the main program</li>
</ol>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="19" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="properties">Properties</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">When working with C#, you will eventually see <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/properties">properties</a> being used at some point</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">They are fields with defined <code>get</code> and <code>set</code> <em><strong>accessors</strong></em>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">These accessors are often referred to as a <em><strong>getter</strong></em> and a <em><strong>setter</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Properties allow the manipulation of private fields from outside of the class:</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">User</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> id;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> Id
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">get</span> { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> id; }
<span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> { id = <span class="hljs-keyword">value</span>; }
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
User admin = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> User();
admin.Id = <span class="hljs-number">12345678</span>;
Console.WriteLine(admin.Id);
<span class="hljs-comment">// This outputs 12345678</span>
}
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-marpit-fragments="2" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="20" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h3 id="auto-properties">Auto Properties</h3>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Auto properties are a shorthand version of the same:</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">User</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> Id { <span class="hljs-keyword">get</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword">set</span>; }
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
User admin = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> User();
admin.Id = <span class="hljs-number">12345678</span>;
Console.WriteLine(admin.Id);
<span class="hljs-comment">// This outputs 12345678</span>
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><em><strong>Note:</strong></em> In Visual Studio, just write <code>prop</code> and press tab twice to quickly create an auto property</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="21" data-marpit-fragments="7" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="21" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h3 id="why-properties">Why properties?</h3>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Why use properties if we could just use public fields?</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">We don't always want to expose the exact same variable that is used inside the class to outside</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Properties allow class fields to be <em><strong>read-only</strong></em> or <em><strong>write-only</strong></em>:<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> Id { <span class="hljs-keyword">get</span>; } <span class="hljs-comment">// This field is read-only</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> Password { <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">get</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword">set</span>; } <span class="hljs-comment">// This field is write-only</span>
</code></pre>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Also, we can add whatever functionality we want to getters and setters, which makes properties a very flexible feature
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">Don't know when a property is being changed? Just print its value to the console in the setter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="6">Properties are supported in <em><strong>interfaces</strong></em>, while fields are not
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="7">We will cover interfaces later in <a href="9-interfaces#interfaces">Lecture 9</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="22" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="22" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="value-and-reference-types">Value and Reference Types</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">See the example below. If this program is executed, what will be the output?</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><code>int</code>, <code>double</code>, <code>char</code> and other primitive data types are of the <em><strong>value type</strong></em>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">The variable stores the <em><strong>actual data</strong></em> in memory</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Every copy of the variable will be stored in a separate location</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns21' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
<span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> user = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
<span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> otherUser = user;
user = <span class="hljs-number">2</span>;
Console.WriteLine(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Value of otherUser: &quot;</span> + otherUser);
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<p><img src="imgs/7%20Classes%20and%20Objects_4.png" alt="" style="width:400px;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="23" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="23" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Another example: When this program is executed, what will be the output?</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><code>string</code>, <code>Array</code> and Classes are of the *<strong>reference type</strong>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">The variable stores <em><strong>the address of the data</strong></em> being stored in memory</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Every copy of the variable points to the same <em><strong>address</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class='columns' markdown='1'>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Program</span>
{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">Main</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>[] args</span>)</span>
{
User user = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> User();
user.id = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
User otherUser = user;
user.id = <span class="hljs-number">2</span>;
Console.WriteLine(
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Value of otherUser.id: &quot;</span> + otherUser.id);
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div markdown='1'>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-csharp"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">User</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">int</span> id;
}
</code></pre>
<p><img src="imgs/7%20Classes%20and%20Objects_5.png" alt="" /></p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="24" data-paginate="true" data-class="invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="24" style="--paginate:true;--class:invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<p><img src="imgs/7%20Classes%20and%20Objects_6.png" alt="" /></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-paginate="true" data-class="exercise invert" data-heading-divider="5" data-theme="ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe" lang="en-US" class="exercise invert" data-marpit-pagination="25" style="--paginate:true;--class:exercise invert;--heading-divider:5;--theme:ms8msnm58am9pdu7xroo9cceafwjshqw5mpy0cz5gqe;" data-marpit-pagination-total="25">
<h2 id="exercise-3">Exercise 3</h2>
<ol>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Classes can be stored in a separate file. To quickly create a new class in Visual Studio: right mouse click your project name (not the solution!) in Solution Explorer <em>-&gt; Add -&gt; Class...</em>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Name your class <code>TestClass</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Back in your main method, create an instance of <code>TestClass</code>. The compiler should not give any errors.</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Now rename the namespace that your <code>TestClass</code> is in to <code>TestNamespace</code>. Go back to your main method. The <code>TestClass</code> instantiation should not work anymore. Try to fix the issue without going back to <code>TestClass</code>!</li>
</ol>
</section>
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</script></foreignObject></svg></div><div class="bespoke-marp-note" data-index="23" tabindex="0"><p>Location in memory
int userId = 42;
int otherUserId = userId;
| 42 |
| :-: |
| 42 |
Changing the value in the object will affect all variables referencing it!
| points to |
| :-: |
| points to |
User user = new User(42);
User otherUser = user;
| user { id = 42 } |
| :-: |</p></div><div class="bespoke-marp-note" data-index="24" tabindex="0"><p>## Exercise 4
Modify previous solution by using methods and class.</p></div><script>/*!! License: https://unpkg.com/@marp-team/marp-cli@3.4.0/lib/bespoke.js.LICENSE.txt */
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