# Inheritance & Abstract Classes

![](imgs/8%20Inheritance%20%26%20Abstract%20Classes_0.png)

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# Overview

Inheritance

Abstract Classes

Enums

# Inheritance

Classes can be made to inherit functionality of some other class

If class B inherits class A, all of the (public) functionality in class A is also available in class B

A is called the  __base class__  (or parent class) and B is called the  __derived class __ (or child class)

Use the " __:"__  symbol to make a class inherit from another

Try to understand the following example:

| class Animal |
| :-: |
| -Eat()-Sleep() |

| class Dog : Animal |
| :-: |
| -Bark() |

| class Cat : Animal |
| :-: |
| -Meow() |

Animal can eat

Animal can sleep

Dog can eat

Dog can sleep

Dog can bark

Cat can eat

Cat can sleep

Cat can meow

# Inheritance - Example

class Animal

{

public void Eat() { Console.WriteLine("Eating..."); }

public void Sleep() { Console.WriteLine("Sleeping..."); }

}

class Cat : Animal

{

public void Meow() { Console.WriteLine("Meow!"); }

}

class Dog : Animal

{

public void Bark() { Console.WriteLine("Bark!"); }

}

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

Dog pluto = new Dog();

pluto.Eat();    // Outputs "Eating..."

pluto.Bark();   // Outputs "Bark!"

}

}

# Inheritance

All the objects deriving from the same base class can be referenced with the base class name:

Animal whiskersAnimal = new Cat();

Animal plutoAnimal = new Dog();

However, only the methods of the base class are available for objects of the base class type:

plutoAnimal.Eat();    // Outputs "Eating..."

plutoAnimal.Bark();   // Error

An object of base class type can be  __casted __ into the child class type:

Dog pluto = (Dog)plutoAnimal;

pluto.Bark();   // Outputs "Bark!"

# Abstract Classes

* In some cases you want the base class to be made  __abstract__
* Objects of an abstract class cannot be instantiated
  * For example, where would you need a generic Animal by itself?
* Make a class abstract with the abstract keyword:
* abstract class Animal
* {
* public void Eat() { Console.WriteLine("Eating..."); }
* public void Sleep() { Console.WriteLine("Sleeping..."); }
* }
* class Program
* {
* static void Main(string[] args)
* {
* Animal animal = new Animal();      // This will throw an error
* }
* }

Instead, the methods are accessible through a derived class:

abstract class Animal

{

public void Eat() { Console.WriteLine("Eating..."); }

public void Sleep() { Console.WriteLine("Sleeping..."); }

}

class Pig : Animal

{

public void Squeal() { Console.WriteLine("Squeee!"); }

}

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

Pig pig = new Pig();

pig.Sleep();    // Outputs "Sleeping..."

pig.Squeal();   // Outputs "Squeee!"

}

}

If you know you only need the functionality of the abstract class, instantiate the new class as a type of abstract class:

abstract class Animal{    public void Eat() { Console.WriteLine("Eating..."); }    public void Sleep() { Console.WriteLine("Sleeping..."); }}class Pig : Animal{    public void Squeal() { Console.WriteLine("Squeee!"); }}class Program{    static void Main(string[] args)    {        Animal pig = new Pig();        pig.Sleep();    // Outputs "Sleeping..."        pig.Squeal();   // This will throw an error    }}

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This is called abstraction, which is one of the key concepts of OOP

# Exercise 1

Create the classes Animal, Dog, Cat and Pig. Animal is the same as before (strings name and sound and the Greet() method). Dog, Cat and Pig inherit Animal

Give Dog, Cat and Pig some fields and/or methods specific to that animal

Create a few instances of Dog, Cat and Pig classes, and add them to a new list of Animals, named "allAnimals"

Loop through allAnimals with the foreach statement, and call the Greet() method of each animal

# Enum

__Enum __ (short for enumeration) is a data type for holding a set of constant (immutable) names

Enums can be useful when you have a number of items or states that are predefined, for example, weekdays

Create the enum type with the enum keyword:

enum Weekday{    Monday,    Tuesday,    Wednesday,    Thursday,    Friday,    Saturday}

New instances of the enum can only be assigned one of the values within:

Weekday currentDay = Weekday.Monday;

# Enum - Example

In this example, enum is used to keep track of the state of the program:

enum ProgramState

{

Login,

Menu,

Exit

}

static void Main(string[] args)

{

ProgramState currentState = ProgramState.Login;

while (true)

{

switch (currentState)

{

case ProgramState.Login:

// Switch current state to Menu after logging in

break;

case ProgramState.Menu:

// Switch current state to Exit if user exits

break;

case ProgramState.Exit:

// Exit the program with an exit message

break;

}

}

}

# Going Further: Object Oriented Programming

* The instances that are created with the new -keyword are objects. This is literally what Object Orientation refers to: packing functionality into these reusable variables that are holding some data and can be passed around
* The key concepts of OOP are
  * Encapsulation
  * Inheritance
  * Abstraction, and
  * Polymorphism

# OOP: Encapsulation

Earlier we created classes which hold properties and methods, which are only accessible elsewhere  _after _ instantiating an object of the class

All the functionality is encapsulated inside of the class instead of lying around in the codebase

All the functionality made available  _only when it is needed _ by instantiating an object of the class

# OOP: Inheritance

As shown in the lecture slides, inheritance allows you to write some functionality once, and then create separate classes which all share that same functionality

This removes the need to write the same code inside every class

# OOP: Abstraction

When your class contains a lot of complicated functionality, it doesn't always make sense to reveal everything when the class is used

Instead, reveal only the parts that the user (you, a workmate, etc) actually need, with abstraction

Parable: The user of a microwave doesn't have to know about the complicated circuitry inside of the microwave. Only the buttons are revealed

# OOP: Polymorphism

This concept becomes more clear after we have covered interfaces

Polymorphism refers to multiple classes having the same method but with different functionality

This reduces the need for massive if-else and switch..case statements